A Khedive or ruler of Egypt, during the time of the British occupation in 1882. Son of Ismail Pasha whose economic adventures had led to the bankruptcy of Egypt in 1876 and his deposition by the Ottoman Sultan in 1879. Tawfiq replaced his father as Egyptian ruler in 1879, but the British and the French interfered in his administration and in 1882 the British occupied Egypt by force and made him a titular head of the State. His son Abbas Hilmi succeeded him after his death.