An Egyptian reformer who sought to modernise Islamic institutions to enable Muslims to make sense of the new Western ideals and reunify the country. Abduh's reforms appealed to those who were looking forward for Nahdah (renaissance) in the face of material backwardness compared to the West. He was devastated by the British occupation of Egypt. He studied in Paris, while in exile, met Jamaluddin Afghani, and along with him founded a religious society called Al Urwah al Wuthqa (the unbreakable bond). He founded a periodical called Al Minar. Abduh, while in exile in Paris, and Jamaluddin Afghani founded the salafiyyah movement whose name derived from Salaf as Salihin (The pious ancestor). The movement profoundly influenced Arab and the Muslim World and believed in modifications to comply with the demands of modern times. Abduh, who believed in education, returned to Egypt in 1888 and became a member of the Supreme Council of the Al Azhar University in 1897 and Grand Mufti in 1889. Muhammad Abduh, a deeper and more measured thinker, published his book Risalat Al Tawhid.